Contents

• Abstract
• Preface
• Contents
• List of Figures
• The Standard Model
  • Lagrangians
    • A review of Lagrangians
    • Lagrangians in the Standard Model
  • Gauge Invariance
    • Gauge invariance in classical electrodynamics
    • $U(1)$ and electromagnetism
    • $SU(2)$ and isospin
    • $SU(3)$ and the quark-model
  • The Standard Model Lagrangian
    • $U(1)$ terms
    • $SU(2)$ terms
    • $SU(3)$ terms
  • Discrete symmetries
    • Parity $\mathcal{P}$
    • Time inversion $\mathcal{T}$
    • Charge conjugation $\mathcal{C}$
    • $\mathcal{CP}$
    • $\mathcal{CPT}$
  • The Higgs mechanism
    • Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
    • The Higgs mechanism in the Standard Model
    • Masses of the fermions
  • Scattering and Decay
    • The scattering matrix
    • Decay of particles
    • Scattering
    • Feynman - rules
  • Beyond the Standard Model
• From quarks to hadrons
  • The Lund model
    • Definition of the fragmentation function
    • Bound $q\bar{q}$ states - The ``yo-yo'' model
    • Particle production
    • Fragmentation functions in the Lund model
    • Gluons
  • Other fragmentation functions
    • The Peterson function
    • The Kartvelishvili function
    • The Collins-Spiller function
    • The F- function
    • The Bowler Function
  • Implementation in the Monte Carlo Generator
• Neural Networks
  • Network topologies
  • Network training
    • Gradient descent
    • Backpropagation
    • Regularisation
    • Preprocessing
    • Further techniques to enhance network training
    • Other minimisation schemes
    • Alternative cost functions
  • NeuroBayes
• Unfolding
  • Motivation
  • Parameter estimation
  • Unfolding without regularisation
  • Unfolding with regularisation
• The DELPHI experiment at LEP
  • LEP
    • Historic remarks
    • Beam mechanics
  • The DELPHI Experiment
    • The Tracking System
    • The Calorimeters
    • The Online System
    • The Offline System
• Analysis of b-fragmentation
  • Motivation
  • Event Selection
  • Reconstruction of the Input Variable
  • Test of the Method
  • Unfolding $f(z)$
    • Assigned weights
    • Unfolding $f(z)$ without constraints
    • Unfolding $f(z)$ with constraints
    • Consistency checks
  • Test of functional forms
  • Systematic checks
    • Dependence on $\Lambda _{QCD}$ and $Q_0$
    • Further systematic checks
  • Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Acknowledgements
• About this document ...